Russia is a federal semi-presidential republic located in northern Eurasia, serving as the largest country in the world by landmass. It shares land borders with 14 sovereign nations, ranging from Norway and Finland in the northwest to North Korea in the southeast, and possesses maritime borders with Japan and the United States across the Bering Strait. The country is divided into 11 time zones, reflecting its immense longitudinal span from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean. Historically, the modern Russian state emerged from the Grand Duchy of Moscow and later the Russian Empire, before becoming the dominant constituent of the Soviet Union. Following the dissolution of the USSR in 1991, the Russian Federation was established as the legal successor state, inheriting its predecessor's permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council.

The executive branch of the Russian government is headed by the President, who serves as the head of state and commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The President is elected by popular vote for a six-year term and possesses broad powers, including the authority to determine the directives of domestic and foreign policy. The head of government is the Premier (Prime Minister), who is appointed by the President with the approval of the State Duma. The Premier oversees the Cabinet of Ministers and the day-to-day administration of the federal bureaucracy. While the President focuses on strategic national interests and security, the Government is responsible for implementing socio-economic policies, managing the federal budget, and ensuring the unified execution of state authority across the federation's diverse territories.

The legislative power in Russia is vested in the Federal Assembly, a bicameral parliament consisting of the State Duma and the Federation Council. The State Duma, the lower house, is composed of 450 members elected for five-year terms through a mix of proportional representation and single-member districts. It is responsible for the primary drafting and passage of federal laws. The Federation Council, the upper house, consists of two representatives from each of the country's federal subjects - one from the legislative body and one from the executive branch of the regional government. The Council focuses on issues pertaining to the regions, such as changes to internal borders, the use of the armed forces abroad, and the impeachment of the President, acting as a check on the lower house and the executive.